World deltas erode as land sinks, seas rise

       Two-thirds of the world's major deltas, home to nearly half a billion people, are caught in the scissors of sinking land and rising seas, according to a study published on Sunday.
       The new findings, based on satellite images, show that 855 of the 33 largest delta regions experienced severe flooding over the past decade, affecting 260,000 square kilometres.
       Delta land vulnerable to serious flooding could expand by 50% this century if ocean levels increase as expected under moderate climate change scenarios, the study projects.
       Worst hit will be Asia, but heavily populated and farmed deltas on every continent except Australia and Antarctica are in peril, it says.
       Human activities, including diversion of water and the creation of dams for hydroelectric power or to create reservoirs can radically alter delta ecosystems. Dams block sedimentation which can cause the delta to erode away. The use of water upstream can greatly increase salinity levels as less fresh water flows to meet the salty ocean water.
       On a five-tier scale, three of the 11 deltas in the highest-risk category are in China: the Yellow River delta in the north, the Yangtze River delta near Shanghai, and the Pearl River delta next to Guangzhou.
       The Nile in Egypt, the Chao Phraya in Thailand and the Rhone River delta in France are also in the top tier of danger.
       Just below these in vulnerability are seven other highly-populated deltas,including the Ganges in Bangladesh,the Irrawaddy in Burma, the Mekong in Vietnam and the Mississippi in the United States.
       These flood plains and others all face a double-barrelled threat, reports the study, published in the journal Nature Geoscience .On the one side, a range of human activity - especially over the last halfcentury -has caused many delta regions to subside.
       Without human interference, deltas naturally accumulate sediment as rivers swell and spread over vast areas of land. But upstream damming and river diversions have held back the layers that would normally build up.
       Intensive subsurface mining has also contributed mightily to the problem,notes the study, led by James Syvitski of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado.
       The Chao Phraya delta, for example,has sunk 50 to 150 millimetres per year as a result of groundwater withdrawal,while a 3.7-metre subsidence of the Po delta in Italy during the 20th century was due to methane mining.
       Indeed, oil and gas mining contribute to so-called "accelerated compaction"in many of the most vulnerable deltas,according to the study, the first to analyse a decade's worth of global daily satellite images.
       The other major threat is rising sea levels driven by global warming.
       In a landmark report in 2007, the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted oceans would rise by 18-59cm by 2100.
       More recent studies that take into account the impact of melting icesheets in Greenland and Antarctica have revised that estimate upwards to at least a metre by century's end.
       The already devastating impact of such increases will be amplified by more intense storms and hurricanes, along with the loss of natural barriers such as mangroves.
       In the Irrawaddy delta the coastal surge caused by Cyclone Nargis last year flooded an area up to six metres above sea level, leaving 138,000 people dead or missing.
       "All trends point to ever-increasing areas of deltas sinking below mean sea level," the study said."It remains alarming how often deltas flood, whether from land or from sea, and the trends seems to be worsening."